About 1.25 million years ago, a spectacular volcanic eruption created the 13-mile wide circular depression now known as the Valles Caldera.  The preserve is known for its huge mountain meadows, abundant wildlife, and meandering streams. The area also preserves the homeland of ancestral native peoples and embraces a rich ranching history.

Valles Caldera is home to the second largest elk population in New Mexico. Other popular residents include Gunnison prairie dogs, coyotes, badgers, black bears, mountain bluebirds, and kestrels.

A backcountry vehicle permit is required if you wish to drive your personal vehicle into the backcountry before beginning your wildlife viewing adventure. This permit is not required if you will be accessing the backcountry on foot, by bicycle, or on horseback.